Workshop Descriptions
Continuing the Legacy
2024
Workshop Offerings for July 11-14, 2024
Sign Language Studios is an approved RID CMP sponsor for continuing education activities.
Enhancing and Transforming Your Understanding of the Miranda Warning
Anna McDuffie | 3 hours
We are all familiar with the Miranda Warning. We’ve seen it issued on countless TV shows and movies, but do we really understand it? The concepts can seem simple on the surface, but do we understand them on a deep enough level to produce an ASL equivalent that affords Deaf people the opportunity to knowingly exercise or waive their rights? This workshop will break down the principles of the Miranda Warning in a methodical way that will leave participants with options on how to interpret the Miranda Warning depending on the client. Additional topics to be discussed: When does the Miranda Warning have to be given, when can the police question someone without Mirandizing them, what are best practices when staffing assignments involving the police and what are the risks of interpreting for the police.
The Arraignment Process
Anna McDuffie | 4 hours
The arraignment is the most common legal proceeding you will encounter as a legal interpreter. Arraignment quite often means interpreting the Guilty Plea Litany – a highly complex linguistic hurtle for Deaf litigants. Interpreters planning to do legal work must have a strong understanding of the Guilty Plea Litany and have many strategies to customize their interpretation to best suit each client. In this workshop we will learn procedural steps of an arraignment with emphasis on the Guilty Plea Litany. Participants will begin text analysis of the Guilty Plea Litany and work in groups to practice interpreting each element.
Navigating Jury Duty
Anna McDuffie | 3 hours
This workshop is specifically designed to equip interpreters to navigate the various aspects of interpreting jury duty. We will discuss topics such as: the Voir Dire process during jury selection, the significance of courtroom positioning and how it affects the interpreter’s visibility and access to both the deaf client and the legal proceedings, how to handle sidebars, the deliberation process and the interpreter’s role during this critical phase, and the intricacies of interpreting the instructions to the jury. You will learn techniques for conveying precise language, maintaining the appropriate tone, and handling challenging legal terminology.
Those Who Tell the Stories Rule the World
Annie Pearl & Bill F. Ross III | 3 hours
The American Deaf community is a rich and wonderful community. Oral languages often use stories/narratives to pass along the history and values of their community. The Deaf community has a rich history of storytelling and the ability to tell “a good story” is recognized as an invaluable skill. This workshop is a compilation of stories that provide “listeners” with the opportunity to identify the elements of a good story and how the teller manipulates the parameters of sign language to create imagery, humor, and drama. Listeners should take the opportunity to observe the elements and consider how to render the stories into spoken English, being mindful of modifications of handshapes, palm orientation, locations, movement, and non-manual signals. Finally, listeners are given the opportunity to practice interpreting from American Sign Language into English giving ample consideration to creating humorous and lively stories by incorporating idiomatic expressions, tonal inflection, figurative language and styles of linguistic register.
We Don’t Play Well Together (PPO CEUs)
Bill F. Ross III | 2 hours
This workshop addresses the cited concern of Horizontal Violence or Lateral Violence in the interpreting profession from a slightly different lens. Horizontal Violence/Lateral violence is displaced anger (and cruelty) that is directed inward towards members of a community rather than towards the oppressors of that community, focusing on one’s peers rather than oppressors. Christian interpreters often experience the negative and painful impact of horizontal violence – in their lives, ministry, interpersonal relations, and in the church. Churches are meant to be a sanctuary away from the cruelty and difficulty of life but sometimes it becomes a battleground rather than a place of genuine growth, change, and healing. Interpreters, who are believers, are called to forgive, love one another, and “…as far as it depends on [them], live at peace with everyone” (Romans 12:18 NIV). Religious interpreters are human too, and unfortunately not immune to backbiting and infighting. However, we are uniquely equipped to humbly foster an environment of healing and restoration – inside and outside the walls of the church.
Mental Health Interpreting Through an Intersectionality Lens
Brian Moss & Sandy Pascual |4 hours
A Deaf consumer’s language in mental health settings can be a unique demand for interpreters and practitioners. A consumers’ language may be considered dysfluent due to the impact of various factors, including their mental health status, medications, fund of information deficits, or language deprivation. Intersectionality and multilingual cultural backgrounds place an added layer of linguistic challenges when working with Deaf individuals. Unfortunately, many interpreters and practitioners have not be exposed to the training needed to effectively work in mental health settings with Deaf consumers with unique considerations and often revert to mainstream Deaf cultural practices without considering intersectionality lenses. For this reason, this workshop will engage participants in discussions to raise awareness of intersectionality, multilingual and cultural considerations in mental health settings, define certain terms that we hope will be applied towards the ideas we express and the action or inaction of working with Deaf individuals in mental health, as well as offer possible tools and approaches that can be implemented while working with clients in mental health settings.
Translating Children’s Literature
Crom Saunders | 4 hours
Children’s literature often presents challenges in vocabulary, descriptive language, and the use of nonsense or gibberish words. This workshop will allow participants to look at bodies of children’s literature text that are traditionally established in content, context, and tone, and the obstacles in translation that comes with these traditional elements. This workshop will provide you with the tools to translate text into American Sign Language without sacrificing content, while preserving the fun and linguistic integrity of children’s literature.
Green Eggs and Hamlet (translating Shakespeare, Dr. Seuss, and other similar authors)
Crom Saunders | 3 hours
When asked to interpret Shakespeare or Dr. Seuss, do you start looking for the nearest exit? Have no fear! This workshop will allow participants to look at bodies of text that are traditionally established in content, context, and tone, and the obstacles in translation that comes with these traditional views. This workshop will provide you with the tools to translate text into ASL without sacrificing content and preserving the fun and linguistic integrity of these language masters- Dr. Seuss and William Shakespeare (and other writers with similar styles).
What the @#$% Did You Just Sign?!? (profanity and its role in ASL)
Crom Saunders | 3 hours
The use of words and phrases that are considered obscenities or foul language in spoken English discourse are not always used the same way or with the same subtext in American Sign Language (ASL) and Deaf culture environment (in fact is often used in non-offensive or derogatory manner) and often can present difficulties in voicing ASL discourse accurately or receptive comprehension in conversation. This workshop will clarify the actual contextual meanings of specific words and phrases as they are used in ASL discourse and the best way to voice or otherwise interpret these words/phrases.
Bill Nye Who? (Scientific/Medical vocabulary and expansion skills)
Crom Saunders | 2 hours
How do you interpret a chemistry class? Describe osmosis? What’s the sign for photosynthesis? How can you visually describe schizophrenia? This workshop will help participants develop general tools for dealing with specialized vocabulary in several branches of scientific study, and to broaden the use of their already developed skills to turn jargon into understandable and sign-able concepts.
Contribution of Black Deaf Performing Arts
Fred Beam | 3 hours
This presentation will include the history of black deaf performing arts, black deaf performing artists, and their accomplishments in theater. Also, presented will be a list of “firsts” in the field of Black Deaf Performing Arts. The contributions of “Black Deaf” Performing Arts offers insights into the Deaf Community and African American Community. Historically, Deaf people have focused on the majority, Deaf community who are not representative of the minority communities, while African Americans typically ignore or overlook Deaf people performers accomplishments. Black Deaf Performing Artists look at themselves as not just deaf or black, but as a whole person, part of a larger community –“Black Deaf”. Portrayals of Deaf African Americans are issues for all of us to wrestle with because issues of identity, culture, and language are related to the experiences of all individuals who have wondered who they are and to every group that have felt “invisible” in the eyes of our country.
The Arts of ASL Storytelling: Incorporating Theater Arts and S.T.E.M. in Classroom
Fred Beam | 2 hours
Interpreting in public school with the emphasis on S.T.E.M. can be exciting and challenging. Embracing the various types of creative thinking will enable us, as interpreters, to address different learning styles. This workshop will focus on several storytelling forms – ABC Stories, Visual Vernacular (VV), Sign Songs, and ASL Poetry and how they can be employed to enhance learning. The differing storytelling forms can help students consider Divergent Thinking, meaning the ability to generate multiple solutions to a problem compared to Convergent Thinking (one solution to one problem). As well as modeling methodologies based on teamwork and Problem (Project) Based Learning (PBL). The various storytelling forms can be utilized in learning activities carried out in a variety of settings/environments which allows for further exploration of the world of S.T.E.M.
How to Translate from English to ASL in Performing Arts
Fred Beam | 2 hours
Working in the theater is a challenge especially when striving to translate English text into American Sign Language. The idea of translation from written to signed text is one hurdle, but it is further compounded in the performing arts arena. It is a necessary skill that must be developed for interpreters, signers, or signing actors who are interested in theatrical signed translation/interpretation from a written script. These skills are different from other areas of practice, such as medical, business, educational fields, to name a few. The knowledge and skill of theatrical interpretation will be developed in this workshop, using (theater) scripts, and other tools employed in sign translation from English to American Sign Language.
Flying into 2D and 3D ASL Spatial Mapping
Fred Beam | 2 hours
Spatial mapping is foundational for accurate and articulate linguistic and conceptual structures in American Sign Language (ASL). It is an essential feature in the discourse of ASL users. Differences in 2D and 3D messages can be compared to “telling” instead of “showing.” It is clear that the appropriate use of spatial strategies to render meaningful messages can improve clarity and conceptual accuracy. It helps the audience members (readers of American Sign Language) to visualize the signed information in conceptual ways in their mind and improves greater understanding.
Promoting Student Literacy
Katharine Robertson | 2 hours
Reading is an area of genuine concern within the field of Deaf education. What is an interpreter to do – what is their responsibility? Deaf and hard of hearing students who require the services of a sign language interpreter receive their class content face-to-face via American Sign Language (ASL). Their class time is made accessible through ASL, but they are expected to read and write their assignments in English. As the only adult in the room who knows both languages, an interpreter can support and encourage student literacy in the mainstream classroom. Explore the role that language acquisition plays in literacy and how you can further support the students’ English language development while interpreting and tutoring classroom content.
Interpre-Nerd’s Guide to the EIPA
Katharine Robertson | 5 hours
The Educational Interpreter Performance Assessment (EIPA) is a valuable testing instrument for those interpreters working in the educational setting, but what is it? How many tests are there? You mean it is not a pass or fail test? Never fear, your Interpre-Nerd is here! Come to this informative workshop on all-things-EIPA for the working educational interpreter (or anyone interested in taking the EIPA). Testing can be challenging at the best of times, come learn what is expected of you and practice essential skills in a safe, comfortable learning environment.
Pivoting in the Face of Language Diversity
Katharine Robertson | 3 hours
Deaf children who move to America from other countries face unique challenges as they work to gain an education and acquire the language of instruction (whether American Sign Language or English or both). We have seen an increase in diversification in signing Deaf and Hard of Hearing students. Often these students do not have mastery of a formal signed language, rather they have developed a home-sign lexicon – often shared with their immediate family. Providing a quality education to such a diverse population of students requires out of the box thinking, interpreting, and working with the school educators. Areas of concern for such a diverse population are temporal aspects, informal/formal communication, and abstract thoughts/ideas to name a few. The interpreting demands are not traditional and drive us to work in new and different ways. Join us as we share novel approaches to our educational interpreting, tutoring, and the language development of Deaf and Hard of Hearing students.
CODAs: Perspectives from the Inside
Ku Mei Kern| 2 hours |Premium PreConference Trainings
As long as there have been Deaf people, Codas have existed. The identities of the Deaf and Coda communities are intertwined. The research and documentation concerning the Deaf community, Deaf culture, and American Sign Language have been significant, building an ever-growing body of knowledge. As a result, courses, workshops, programs, and even degrees are available to study the various elements of the Deaf world. Codas were ever present during that journey, but what do we really know about them other than our own personal experiences, and the limited number of books written by Coda authors – why don’t we know more? Recent events have brought diversity to the forefront of our lives, but has this awareness translated into understanding? Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, Access and Belonging (DEIAB) policies have opened the door for minority peoples and cultures to share their stories. These stories provide an opportunity to find treasures in ourselves, and within humanity as we journey together and unpack topics such as finding identity, experiencing discrimination/oppression, and the impact on their sense of self (both in their communities and careers). It is at this juncture that the workshop presenter, a POC-Coda, has created a life of self-reflection, introspection, and healing. Often it takes an event to ignite the courage to speak. The release of the movie CODA was such an event for many Codas. Coda stories are undeniably intertwined with Deaf and hearing stories and yet they are uniquely CODA. It is through this lens that the presenter will share a glimpse into the lives of families of Deaf adults with hearing children. Through poignant stories, attendees are encouraged to interact, inquire, and understand Coda/POC-Coda complexities faced each day.
Head Movements: Critical Features in Interpretation
Sharon Lott | 3 hours
This workshop will discuss how head movement is an essential part of American Sign Language communication – the movement plays a vital role in the grammatical and discoursal function of signed messages. The subtle but relevant impact on interpretations cannot be emphasized enough. Head movement is an overlooked element/feature in American Sign Language the use is beneficial in developing patterns of rhythm, stress, and intonation in sign language interpretations. They are analogous to the use of punctuation, such as commas, semicolons, and pauses between sentences and paragraphs. Attend this workshop to gain a greater understanding how head movements (or lack thereof) can influence the overall clarity and compensability of the message.
Get a Grip on Fingerspelling
Sharon Lott| 3 hours
Interpreters often face barriers when trying to understand and subsequently interpret fingerspelled words. Oftentimes individuals confuse the shapes of fingerspelled words with English letters, rather than recognizing that fingerspelling is a clear and essential part of American Sign Language. Fingerspelled letters are generally thought to be a manual representation of the corresponding letters found in the English alphabet; this is rarely the case. Research indicates that there are more than sixty different handshapes that represent all of the “fingerspelled letters,” not the twenty-six handshapes commonly associated with each letter. Could this difference be related to the natural inclination of sign language users to assimilate numerous elements or features of language, such as fluency, pacing, and rhythm? In addition, could the additional handshape be part of the reason that understanding and thus accurately interpreting fingerspelled words is challenging? Such elements will be discussed and explained – participants will have time allotted for application of the information and skills taught during this training.
Classifiers Skill Building
Sharon Lott | 3 hours
One of the best ways for interpreters to build their use and recognition of classifiers is through instruction and integration. Incorporating classifiers into the interpreter’s present sign language vocabulary will aid in the ability to recall and apply their use more accurately. Classifiers are a natural occurring feature of American Sign Language that utilizes handshape(s) to convey or reflect particular characteristics in the signed message. Greater mastery of this skill enables interpreters to convey clearer and more fluid messages that are visually appealing. After a time of instruction and discussion there will be opportunities for practical application. This workshop will give attention to handshape and the corresponding non-manual marker, palm orientation, and movement.
Are They Colloquialisms, Slang, or Regional Differences?
Patrick Fischer | 3 hours
This workshop will be taught from a Deaf perspective and will address specific linguistic features found in American Sign Language (ASL). We will focus on expressive skills of ASL as they relate to the study of colloquialisms, slang, and regional differences found in both American Sign Language and English. Participants will identify various colloquialisms and slang concepts and how each sign has its own grammar. The unique colloquialisms, slang concepts, and regional differences are one of the most misused and misunderstood parts of American Sign Language across various regions, and possible across the nation.
How Do I Sign Mr. Shineyhead’s Brand Names Correctly?
Patrick Fischer | 3 hours
This workshop identifies signs commonly used in the Deaf community for various brand names (including local, regional, and nationally recognized names). We will demonstrate multiple signs, followed by an explanation why each sign (or signs) is used to represent the brand names which are reflected in nature, logos, habits, cultures, etc. This workshop will give you the creative knowledge needed to avoid being “stuck” without any idea of what to sign when trying to accurately represent a brand name. This workshop will help reduce excessive fingerspelling. We will work to build the visual language of attendees – for example: Cirque Du Soleil’s signed like “Circus Tent + Sun” (in French). This information will help our signs become clearer while avoiding unnecessary misunderstanding of the ASL message.
Fact or Fiction: History of the Deaf Community
Patrick Fischer | 2 hours
This workshop will use the format of a game to help us learn! The answers will build your knowledge of the History of the Deaf Community as you answer each question – either Fact or Fiction. It’s exciting to learn and/or refresh your knowledge about Deaf culture/world, Deaf community, history, language, Deaf organizations including both the past and current perspectives. This activity will be conducted using teams, with the support of the workshop lecture to answer the questions, while providing beneficial, accurate, and historical information. This fun training will help you to remain current regarding the Deaf community in both your personal and professional life.
Dark Tales Storytelling Workshop
Patrick Fischer | 3 hours
This workshop will help you develop what we call Cinematic American Sign Language (ASL). Utilizing conventional signs and numerous handshapes that are all mimed to make the stories more visual than linear (English structure). Handshapes, gestured movement, visual emotions, and expressions will be used to perform in Cinematic ASL retelling dark tales and short films. Some of the benefits of using Cinematic ASL is the ability to tell a story using a script or your imagination that is wholly visual, while imitating real-life expressions and emotions with rich descriptive skills. Develop your storytelling skills from one of the dark tales by showing you how to use handshapes, gestures, and visual signs. All will have a “hands-on” learning experience in different areas of Cinematic ASL techniques which include – body classifiers, body part classifiers, instrument classifiers, sass, point of view, abstract, split screen, etc. In addition, some of the enriching tools included in this workshop are the dark tales vocabulary which can be used for dark tours, history, and performances related to “dark.” Elements of The Addams Family, Wednesday, Ghost Hunters (TAPS), The Grimm, Twilight Zone, Hitchcock, and others can be included. Also, this training will include dark puns to make the dark tales perfect, chilly, creepy, and more interesting.
Sharing Old Testament Stories in American Sign Language
Paul Jones | 2 hours
Interpreting and creating clear interpretations of the foundational Old Testament stories and the important characters such as Abraham, Noah, Moses and key events about creation story, the sacrifice of Issac and many other stories from the Old Testament accurately conveyed in sign language. Interpreters work to communicate biblical stories and Scriptural truth to Deaf church goers by building their understanding of the Old Testament. Interpreters will learn the more acceptable and recognized signs/sign names for each Bible characters, locations, and events where the stories occurred. Interpreters will learn how to share the biblical stories in relevant ways through practice.
Praising God in Psalms, Hymns, and Spiritual Songs in Signs
Paul Jones | 2 hours
Interpreting church services is often very challenging because of the many ways in which worshipful ideas are expressed – songs, sermons, and special music. The goal of this workshop is to help interpreters develop interpreting and language skills that will enable Deaf people to enjoy songs more and encourage greater participation in church in a more meaningful way. Interpreters will strengthen their interpreting skills by incorporating conceptual signs. By the end of the workshop, interpreters will acquire the skills necessary to render older hymns and songs into newer more contemporary versions by using a variety of conceptual accurate sign language thus conveying the Psalms, Hymns and Spiritual Songs more clearly.
Perspectives from Deaf Christians and Church Interpreters
Paul Jones | 2 hours
This interactive workshop is an opportunity for participants (both Deaf and hearing) to gain valuable insight from one another. Deaf church attendees will share their experiences, feelings, and concerns about various times that they attended interpreted Bible studies or church services. As an interpreter, you may have noticed times when you were the recipient of perplexed looks from Deaf attendees and how they may struggle with certain issues or aspects of church sermons, Bible studies or biblical principles. Interpreters can share their experiences about the many experiences – situations they have dealt with while at church. You, as a Deaf individual or an interpreter, are encouraged to express your thoughts and feelings about Deaf ministry during this workshop. Understanding one another can lead to greater and more effective ministry, thus creating a more respectful house of worship.
Fingerspelling: Prescription vs. Description
Wink Smith | 4 hours | Advanced Level
This workshop will not address learning how to fingerspell. Rather this workshop will address three misconceptions that many learners/natives have about fingerspelling. Those misconceptions are – letters are consistent in form and any deviation from the dictionary form are errors. (e.g. the “screaming E” where the fingertips do not touch the thumb), letters will be presented with clear boundaries, and letters will be formed towards me. Any of these misconceptions give us the idea that only non-natives would violate these prescriptions and therefore anyone who violates these have less than ideal language fluency. I disabuse this line of thinking as it not only promotes oppression but also hinders an interpreter’s growth. When we as interpreters move away from the dangerous ideals of “prescriptivism” the better we will become at recognizing language variation and the better we are equipped to translate them in our work. This workshop will provide an introductory foundation of what prescriptivism is and how we should move towards descriptivism when we talk about our work as interpreters. We will see how descriptivism provides us with the tools to better explain phenomena that appears to be “non-conforming” but is actually a genuine pattern of language use. This will be accomplished by discussing the three misconceptions, contrasted with real world data analysis.
How Accurate Are You? A Practice Guide
Wink Smith | 3 hours | Advanced Level
Ask any interpreter to list the characteristics of a competent interpreter and eventually the attribute of accuracy will be listed. Accuracy is clearly an important part of the interpretation process, but how does one measure their accuracy? In this workshop we will explore the cognitive grammar notions of content and construal. Content are the items that fill the conceptualization, supplied by the discourse. Construal is our ability to view that content in different ways. These two pieces show us how two different interpretations may be accurate but differ in their construal. Other tools will also be provided to guide you in analysis of your work. YOU will need to bring a recording device (any one of these will do: a phone, tablet, laptop, compact camera, etc) and headphones as we will be doing real practice sessions. However, no one else will see your work, only you will be analyzing your work (with detailed guidance from the instructor) and it will not be shown to the group.
Making the English Tangible
Wink Smith | 3 hours | Advanced Level
Have you ever received feedback that you should “show” more, and “tell” less? This is excellent advice, but hard to follow. Picture a train…What do you see? Now ask a friend to picture a train and have them explain or draw what they first saw. Is it the same image you had? Most likely not. Everyone, regardless of culture and language, pictures things differently in their heads. These variations in mental “seeing,” or construal, help account for the wide range of communication and language we encounter every day. This workshop applies visual-spatial techniques to better produce visual language. ASL has more than simple lexical signs and fingerspelling, which make up the “tell” options. Some of the “show” options come in the form of depiction. Depiction is a topic that has made quite a stir among researchers in ASL linguistics. It includes depicting verbs, surrogation, partitioning, and blending, among other things. Using these ASL aspects, interpreters can create clear and powerful messages. Seeing how Deaf people developed ASL, and how it has evolved into the language it is today, we see much of it was due to their subjective knowledge and experiences. This workshop encourages participants to think about the objects and required actions to formulate an ASL concept based on their experiential views. This framework takes English and makes it tangible in ASL.
Redefining Expansion, A Critical Look
Wink Smith | 4 hours | Advanced Level
The meanings of words do not reside in the words themselves, nor do they reside as preexisting structures in the mind. Word meaning is dynamically created in our minds while we create utterances. This inevitably causes problems when communicating, especially communicating something that was originally created in a completely different language — such is the plight of the interpreter and the translator. One general proposal that is pervasive in our field is the concept of expansion, enrichment and/or explicitation. This is defined as a shift of text in the translation that is said to be more “explicit” than the source message. Meaning something that was implicit in the source will become explicit in the translation. When one evaluates this with the lens of cognitive linguistics, they often see this concept is over applied and it is insufficient to explain the cognitive task of interpreting. This has led to a working proposal for how to manage a source text that does not “explicitly” (put into forms) say something, but it does communicate it conceptually (implicitly). These points will be discussed in this workshop with the aim to provide tools on how to determine what can be brought from our conceptual world into the target language.
HIPAA Compliance and its Application to Interpreters
Shawn Norris| 2 hours
Interpreting in the medical setting can be challenging for a variety of reasons, such as – terminology, cultural and linguistic differences, and perspectives concerning the role or function of the interpreter. Furthermore, one of the leading concerns of the medical and interpreting profession is maintaining compliance with HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act). The primary goal of the federal law is to make it easier for people to maintain health insurance, protect confidential information, and to assure the security of healthcare information. This workshop will engage in a discussion regarding HIPAA and how interpreters can maintain compliance while best serving healthcare professionals and patients. HIPAA establishes national standards for the administration and protection of individuals’ health information (e.g., medical or health records, personal health information).
NOTE: Participants in this workshop will be awarded Certificates of Participation signifying that you have completed HIPAA training for one calendar year.
Communicative Autonomy in Medical Interpreting
Shawn Norris | 3 hours
This presentation focuses on the critical role of communicative autonomy in healthcare interpreting. Communicative autonomy in medicine purposefully overcomes language barriers in order to access medical services for Deaf people. As interpreters, it is our desire to enable and even encourage patients to communicate effectively with healthcare providers while supporting self-determination in medicine. Interpreters in medical assignments work to create “capacity” for each person at the appointment (patient, nurse, doctor, etc.) to be responsible for, and in control of, his or her own communication. This training emphasizes the importance of ethics, mediation, advocacy, and cultural competency in the field of medicine and interpreting. This workshop will explore challenges in maintaining confidentiality, ensuring accurate communication, and handling cultural nuances to improve healthcare interpreting quality. Communicative autonomy goes to the heart of medical interpreting – assuring communication occurs between individuals who do not have a common language.
